Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems (now owned by Oracle Corporation) in the mid-1990s. It was designed with the goal of being platform-independent, secure, robust, and easy to use. Java quickly gained popularity due to its versatility and ability to run on various platforms, from desktop computers to …
In Java, lambdas are a feature introduced in Java 8 that allows you to write concise and functional-style code by representing anonymous functions. They provide a way to pass behavior as a method argument, which can be especially useful when working with functional interfaces, which are interfaces with a single abstract method. The syntax for …
Python is a high-level, interpreted, and dynamically-typed programming language that was first released in 1991. It was created by Guido van Rossum and is now maintained by the Python Software Foundation. Python is known for its simplicity and readability, making it a popular choice for beginners and experienced programmers alike. The language is used in …
The datetime module in Python is a module that provides classes for working with dates and times. It contains classes such as date, time, datetime, timedelta, and others, for handling date and time values. These classes allow you to perform operations such as formatting dates and times, parsing dates from strings, and performing arithmetic with …
pyodbc is a Python module that provides a way to connect to databases using the Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) API. ODBC is a widely used, standard API for accessing relational databases and is supported by many popular database management systems, including Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, and others. With pyodbc, you can connect to a database, …
The OS module in Python provides access to some functions of the operating system. It is implemented in Python by default and does not have to be installed subsequently, for example by pip.It is great for working with directories and files.
The system() function has been part of the C standard library for some time and can also be included in code without additional libraries. The function is used to execute shell commands from calling processes.
System class The System class contains several useful class fields and methods. It cannot be instantiated. Among the facilities provided by the System class are standard input, standard output, and error output streams; access to externally defined properties and environment variables; a means of loading files and libraries; and a utility method for quickly copying a portion of an …
A thread is often also referred to as a lightweight process. In general, a thread in computer science refers to an execution thread or an execution sequence in the execution of a program. By default, each process has at least one thread, in a sense the process itself. A process can start several threads. The …
In Python, errors can occur for a variety of reasons, such as incorrect syntax, invalid inputs, or unexpected behavior. When an error occurs during program execution, Python raises an exception, which can be caught and handled using exception handling techniques. Exception handling in Python allows you to gracefully handle errors, recover from them, and provide …
Mathematical standard libraries now include a large collection of mathematical functions, such as mathematical rounding, mathematical calculations, exponential, logarithmic, and tigonometric functions, and much more. Mathematical Sequences are listings of numbered objects. Expressed in more detail a mathematical sequence describes a mapping of the natural numbers onto a (sub) set of the real numbers. In …
Sorting is an essential operation in computer science and programming. In Python, there are several sorting algorithms available that can be used to sort lists, arrays, and other collections of data. The most commonly used sorting algorithm is the QuickSort algorithm, which works by dividing the collection into two sublists, and recursively sorting each sublist. …
A data structure is the storage of data, using a mathematical object. The data is arranged and linked in a specific way. Through the special structure of a data structure, one tries to implement desired functions particularly efficiently, whereby one usually optimises either for low memory requirements or high speed. The data is divided into …
A basic topic in programming is the processing of files. If information is to be stored until the next program start, this data is written to the hard disk in files. Thus the information remains also after the termination of the program. After opening a file, it remains locked for further accesses from outside. At …
Inheritance Inheritance is a key feature of object-oriented programming that allows classes to inherit attributes and methods from other classes. In Python, inheritance is implemented using the class declarations, and it enables a new class to be based on an existing class, known as the parent or base class. The new class is referred to …
Object-oriented vs. procedural programming Before we go into more detail about object orientation, let’s first look at the difference between procedural programming and object-oriented programming? Procedural programming Procedurally oriented programming uses the “top-down” programming style. Problem is formulated as sequential string of subtasks to be done. Thus a free and thus unprotected data flow and …
In Python, a list is a data structure that holds an ordered collection of items, which can be of any data type. Lists are mutable, meaning that they can be modified after they are created. They are enclosed in square brackets [] and items are separated by commas. One of the key advantages of lists …
Depending on the programming language, different names are used for functions. In some programming languages a distinction is made between functions that return a value as the result of a calculation and routines that only execute code. The latter are also known as procedures. However, functions are used in the python programming language. A function …
Control structures are programming constructs that allow you to control the flow of execution in your Python code. There are three main types of control structures in Python: conditional statements, loops, and function calls. Conditional statements, such as if-else statements, allow you to execute different blocks of code based on a certain condition. This can …
Python Programming Language Python is a programming language that is easy to learn and very versatile thanks to its clear syntax and simple readability. Python is freely available for the common operating systems. The usual programming paradigms such as object-oriented or functional programming are supported. Python is already around 30 years old, but for some …
