C++ Standard Exceptions
the std::exception class is the base class for all standard exception types provided by the C++ Standard Library. It is part of the <exception> header and serves as a base class from which other exception classes inherit. The std::exception class provides a consistent interface for handling different types of exceptions, making it easier to write robust and error-tolerant programs.
Key Characteristics of std::exception:
Base Class for All Standard Exceptions:
All standard exception types in C++ derive from std::exception. This means that if a particular exception type is thrown, it can be caught as std::exception or as its derived type.
Virtual Member Function: what():
The what() function is a virtual member function that returns a C-style string (const char*). It provides a description of the exception. The default implementation returns a general error message, but derived classes may override it to provide more specific information.
try {
throw std::exception();
} catch (const std::exception& e) {
std::cout << "Caught an exception: " << e.what() << std::endl;
}| Exception | Description |
|---|---|
runtime_error | This includes all runtime errors |
logic_error | This includes all logical errors |
bad_alloc | Occurs when new cannot request memory |
bad_cast | Related to dynamic_cast |
bad_exception | Is triggered When the exception handling itself gets problems |
bad_typeid | Error in the context of typeid |
ios_base::failure | Input or output error |
The following error classes are derived from runtime_error:
| Exception | Description |
|---|---|
overflow_error | Overflow in calculations |
underflow_error | Underflow in calculations |
range_error | Range overflow. Triggered by the at() function |
The following error classes are derived from logic_error:
| Exception | Description |
|---|---|
domain_error | Parameter outside the valid range |
invalid_argument | Invalid argument |
length_error | The maximum possible size was exceeded during creation |
out_of_range | Access with illegal index |
